The concept of rewilding — allowing landscapes to recover their natural (0) DYNAMICS (DYNAMIC) with minimal human interference — has moved from the fringes of 1ECOLOGY thinking into the mainstream of conservation policy. The 2REINTRODUCE of keystone species, most famously wolves in Yellowstone and beavers in Scotland, has produced cascading benefits that top-down management had never achieved. Apex 3PREDATE reshape the behaviour of grazing animals, which in turn relieves pressure on young trees, and entire 4HABIT begin to reassemble themselves. Upland regions where intensive 5GRAZE has prevailed for centuries are now the focus of determined debate, with 6PASTORAL and rewilders each arguing that their vision best respects rural tradition. Sceptics note that the 7ABANDON of long-standing agricultural practices carries social costs that are rarely fully acknowledged, yet the ecological 8OPTIMIST generated by early successes has made the movement politically difficult to dismiss.