The twentieth century witnessed a 1MOMENT change in the relationship between science and society. In World War I scientists were conscripted and died in the trenches. In World War II they were exempted as national treasures and committed to 2SECRET, and they rallied behind their country’s war effort. The explanation of the change is not hard to find – governments came to believe that 3THEORY research can produce practical improvements in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The belief was firmly 4FORCE by developments such as the discovery of antibiotics and the 5APPLY of nuclear physics to the production of atomic weapons. Science became so identified with practical benefits that the dependence of technology on science is 6COMMON assumed to be a 7TIME relationship and a single enterprise. Science and technology, research and development these are assumed to be almost 8SEPARATE twins. These rank among the sacred phrases of our time. The belief in the coupling of science and technology is now petrified in the dictionary definition of technology as applied science.